Europe's Nationalism Evolution: Romanticism to Revulsion to Rebellion
In the 21st century, nationalism has re-emerged as a significant political force, shaping the political landscape across the globe. This resurgence can be traced back to its origins in Britain in the early 18th century, where it was initially understood as a political extension of patriotism.
The 20th century was marked by wars and mass destruction, often waged in the name of national glory. This era also saw civil war, dictatorships, ethnic cleansing, and eugenics, all justified through nationalist ideologies. Fast forward to the present day, and nationalism continues to hold sway, albeit in a more nuanced form.
Nationalism today presents three distinct faces. The first is 'cultural' nationalism, which gave rise to the states we now call home, often representing the aspirations of oppressed peoples for independence. The second face is 'destructive' nationalism, which brings together right-wing or extreme-right political ideologies, justifying forms of violence in the name of national values and interests. The third face is 'revolt' nationalism, a reaction to the perceived all-powerful rule of the globalised market, laissez-faire politics, and private interests.
Contemporary revolt nationalism shares features with both democracy and populism. Parties representing this movement, often populist and radical, are projected to gain substantial votes and seats, potentially forming a majority coalition with some Christian democrats and conservatives. This discourse also manifests itself in fierce scepticism towards structures like the European Union.
Nationalism, as discussed, is often associated with Christianity, serving as a catalyst for national identity. However, in the 21st century, there is a rise in the misuse of religious language to bolster nationalist and populist causes, cautioning against confusing political agendas with divine mandates.
The resurgence of rebellious nationalism highlights a profound spiritual situation that demands critical engagement and reflection from all, particularly within Christian mission. European societies are experiencing a major crisis of meaning, characterized by the advanced erosion, even collapse, of narratives and metanarratives that provide meaning and structure to existence.
In this context, nationalism offers a primal narrative of unity and identity, effectively responding to the existential dislocation many people feel in Europe. National conservatism emphasizes national sovereignty, cultural preservation, and strict immigration control.
The 2024 European elections have nationalism as one of the main issues at stake, with national conservatism expected to significantly influence the direction of European policy. The term "nationalism" originated in Britain in the early 18th century, and its resurgence today underscores the need for continued critical reflection on its implications for our societies and our shared future.
Authors in the book "Is God a Populist?" who discuss the connection between religion, nationalism, and populism include William R. Stayton, Sabrina Petra Ramet, and Cas Mudde. Their works provide valuable insights into this complex and multifaceted issue.
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